I've made a macro for the Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse class that I put into the TestCase.php file which is a part of pingcrm-svelte. I currently use this short macro in basically all HTTP tests for Inertia related endpoints in Laravel, so unless I am doing something wrong, it can be considered quite helpful. Take a look:

<?php
use Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\TestCase as BaseTestCase;
use Inertia\Testing\Assert as InertiaAssert;
// use PHPUnit\Framework\Assert;

abstract class TestCase extends BaseTestCase {
  protected function setUp(): void {
    parent::setUp();

    TestResponse::macro('assertInertiaComponent', function ($component) {
      return $this->assertStatus(200)->assertInertia(function (
        InertiaAssert $page,
      ) use ($component) {
        $page->component($component);
      });
    });
  }
}

To use it inside the HTTP test with PHPUnit it can now be employed like this:

<?php
public function test_user_can_see_items() {
  $this->actingAs($this->user)
    ->get('/item')
    ->assertInertiaComponent('Item/Index');
}

It can definitely be made different or better, but hey, it's a good start for me.